Erectile Dysfunction in Relation to Metabolic Disorders and the Concentration of Sex Hormones in Aging Men - Rył Aleksandra, Szylińska Aleksandra, and Rotter Iwona - Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jul - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9265788/

Endocrine milieu and erectile dysfunction: is oestradiol–testosterone imbalance, a risk factor in the elderly? - Balasubramanian Srilatha and P Ganesan Adaikan - Asian J Androl. 2011 Jul - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3739617/

The Relationship between Testosterone Deficiency and Men's Health - Akira Tsujimura - World J Mens Health. 2013 Aug - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3770847/

One patient out of four with newly diagnosed erectile dysfunction is a young man--worrisome picture from the everyday clinical practice - Paolo Capogrosso, Michele Colicchia, Eugenio Ventimiglia, Giulia Castagna, Maria Chiara Clementi, Nazareno Suardi, Fabio Castiglione, Alberto Briganti, Francesco Cantiello, Rocco Damiano, Francesco Montorsi, Andrea Salonia - J Sex Med. 2013 Jul - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23651423/

Erectile Dysfunction in Young Men-A Review of the Prevalence and Risk Factors - Hoang Minh Tue Nguyen, Andrew T Gabrielson, Wayne J G Hellstrom - Sex Med Rev. 2017 Oct - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28642047/

Erectogenic and Neurotrophic Effects of Icariin, a Purified Extract of Horny Goat Weed (Epimedium spp.) In Vitro and In Vivo - Alan W. Shindel, Zhong-Chen Xin, Guiting Lin, Thomas M. Fandel, Yun-Ching Huang, Lia Banie, Benjamin N. Breyer, Maurice M. Garcia, Ching-Shwun Lin, and Tom F. Lue - J Sex Med. 2010 Apr - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3551978/

Icariin Improves Age-Related Testicular Dysfunction by Alleviating Sertoli Cell Injury via Upregulation of the ERα/Nrf2-Signaling Pathway - Haixia Zhao, Xu You, Qian Chen, Siqi Yang, Qiongyan Ma, Yumin He, Chaoqi Liu, Yaoyan Dun, Jie Wu, Changcheng Zhang, and Ding Yuan - Front Pharmacol. 2020 - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7247842/

Effects of icariin on improving erectile function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats - Tao Liu, Hua Xin, Wei-Ren Li, Feng Zhou, Guang-Yong Li, Yan-Qing Gong, Zhe-Zhu Gao, Xin-Cheng Qin, Wan-Shou Cui, Alan W Shindel, Zhong-Cheng Xin - J Sex Med. 2011 Oct - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21967314/

Medicinal plants as a potential source of Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors: A review - A Anand Ganapathy, V M Hari Priya, Alaganandam Kumaran - J Ethnopharmacol. 2021 Mar 1 - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33137431/

Effect of Lepidium meyenii (MACA) on sexual desire and its absent relationship with serum testosterone levels in adult healthy men - G F Gonzales, A Córdova, K Vega, A Chung, A Villena, C Góñez, S Castillo - Andrologia. 2002 Dec - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12472620/

Effects of combined extracts of Lepidium meyenii and Allium tuberosum Rottl. on erectile dysfunction - Yi Zhang, Feixian Zhou, and Fahuan Ge- BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019 - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6582574/

Subjective effects of Lepidium meyenii (Maca) extract on well-being and sexual performances in patients with mild erectile dysfunction: a randomised, double-blind clinical trial - T Zenico, A F G Cicero, L Valmorri, M Mercuriali, E Bercovich - Andrologia. 2009 Apr - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19260845/

A Double‐Blind, Randomized, Pilot Dose‐Finding Study of Maca Root (L. Meyenii) for the Management of SSRI‐Induced Sexual Dysfunction - Christina M. Dording, Lauren Fisher, George Papakostas, Amy Farabaugh, Shamsah Sonawalla, Maurizio Fava, and David Mischoulon - CNS Neurosci Ther. 2008 Fall - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6494062/

A double-blind placebo-controlled trial of maca root as treatment for antidepressant-induced sexual dysfunction in women - Christina M Dording, Pamela J Schettler, Elizabeth D Dalton, Susannah R Parkin, Rosemary S W Walker, Kara B Fehling, Maurizio Fava, David Mischoulon - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2015 - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25954318/

A pilot investigation into the effect of maca supplementation on physical activity and sexual desire in sportsmen - Mark Stone 1, Alvin Ibarra, Marc Roller, Andrea Zangara, Emma Stevenson - J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Dec 10 - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19781622/

Eurycoma longifolia (Jack) Improves Serum Total Testosterone in Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials - Kristian Leisegang, Renata Finelli, Suresh C. Sikka, and Manesh Kumar Panner Selvam - Medicina (Kaunas). 2022 Aug - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9415500/

Review on a Traditional Herbal Medicine, Eurycoma longifolia Jack (Tongkat Ali): Its Traditional Uses, Chemistry, Evidence-Based Pharmacology and Toxicology - Shaheed Ur Rehman, Kevin Choe, and Hye Hyun Yoo - Molecules. 2016 Mar - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6274257/

Eurycoma longifolia Jack in managing idiopathic male infertility - Mohd Ismail Bin Mohd Tambi and M. Kamarul Imran - Asian J Androl. 2010 May - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3739276/

Effect of Tongkat Ali on stress hormones and psychological mood state in moderately stressed subjects - Shawn M Talbott, Julie A Talbott, Annie George, and Mike Pugh - J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2013 - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3669033/

A 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial to evaluate the effect of Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) and concurrent training on erectile function and testosterone levels in androgen deficiency of aging males (ADAM) - Alice Erwig Leitão, Melissa Carvalho de Souza Vieira, Andreia Pelegrini, Edson Luiz da Silva, Adriana Coutinho de Azevedo Guimarães - Maturitas. 2021 Mar - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33541567/

Efficacy of Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) on erectile function improvement: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials - Surachai Kotirum, Shaiful Bahari Ismail, Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk - Complement Ther Med. 2015 Oct - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26365449/

Eurycoma longifolia Jack in managing idiopathic male infertility - Mohd Ismail Bin Mohd Tambi, M Kamarul Imran - Asian J Androl. 2010 May - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20348942/

Alga Ecklonia bicyclis, Tribulus terrestris, and Glucosamine Oligosaccharide Improve Erectile Function, Sexual Quality of Life, and Ejaculation Function in Patients with Moderate Mild-Moderate Erectile Dysfunction: A Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Single-Blinded Study - Salvatore Sansalone, Rosario Leonardi, Gabriele Antonini, Antonio Vitarelli, Giuseppe Vespasiani, Dragoslav Basic, Giuseppe Morgia, Sebastiano Cimino, and Giorgio Ivan Russo - Biomed Res Int. 2014 - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4127274/

Gross saponin of Tribulus terrestris improves erectile dysfunction in type 2 diabetic rats by repairing the endothelial function of the penile corpus cavernosum - Hui Zhang, Wen-Ting Tong, Chang-Rong Zhang, Jun-Long Li, Hao Meng, Hai-Gan Yang, and Min Chen - Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes. 2019 - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6730548/

Tribulus terrestris versus placebo in the treatment of erectile dysfunction and lower urinary tract symptoms in patients with late-onset hypogonadism: A placebo-controlled study - Sameh Fayek GamalEl Din, Mohamed Ahmed Abdel Salam, Mohamed Shokr Mohamed, Ahmed Ragab Ahmed, Ahmed Tarek Motawaa, Omar Ayman Saadeldin, Ramzy Raafat Elnabarway - Urologia. 2019 May - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30253697/

Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of Tribulus terrestris in male sexual dysfunction-A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial - Zdravko Kamenov, Svetlana Fileva, Krassimir Kalinov, Emmanuele A Jannini - Maturitas. 2017 May - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28364864/

A phytosterol-enriched saw palmetto supercritical CO2 extract ameliorates testosterone-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia by regulating the inflammatory and apoptotic proteins in a rat model - Heggar V. Sudeep, Karempudi Venkatakrishna, Ballal Amrutharaj, Anitha, and Kodimule Shyamprasad - BMC Complement Altern Med. 2019 - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6798398/

A double blind, placebo-controlled randomized comparative study on the efficacy of phytosterol-enriched and conventional saw palmetto oil in mitigating benign prostate hyperplasia and androgen deficiency - H. V. Sudeep, Jestin V. Thomas, and K. Shyamprasad - BMC Urol. 2020 - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7333342/

Pharmacological effects of saw palmetto extract in the lower urinary tract - Mayumi Suzuki,1 Yoshihiko Ito, Tomomi Fujino, Masayuki Abe, Keizo Umegaki, Satomi Onoue, Hiroshi Noguchi, and Shizuo Yamada - Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2009 Mar - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4002402/

The risk-benefit profile of commonly used herbal therapies: Ginkgo, St. John's Wort, Ginseng, Echinacea, Saw Palmetto, and Kava - Edzard Ernst - Ann Intern Med. 2002 Jan 1 - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11777363/

Serenoa repens (Permixon) inhibits the 5alpha-reductase activity of human prostate cancer cell lines without interfering with PSA expression - Fouad K Habib, Margaret Ross, Clement K H Ho, Valerie Lyons, Karen Chapman - Int J Cancer. 2005 Mar 20 - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15543614/

Treatment with a combination of ginger, L-citrulline, muira puama and Paullinia cupana can reverse the progression of corporal smooth muscle loss, fibrosis and veno-occlusive dysfunction in the aging rat - Monica G. Ferrini, Su M. Hlaing, Andre Chan, and Jorge N. Artaza - Andrology (Los Angel). 2015 Jun - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4578663/

Effects of Herbal vX on libido and sexual activity in premenopausal and postmenopausal women - J Waynberg 1, S Brewer - Adv Ther. 2000 Sep-Oct - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11186145/

Antidepressant profile of Ptychopetalum olacoides Bentham (Marapuama) in mice - Angelo L Piato, Lucas P Rizon, Bárbara S Martins, Domingos S Nunes, Elaine Elisabetsky - Phytother Res. 2009 Apr - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19067380/

Anti-stress effects of the "tonic"Ptychopetalum olacoides (Marapuama) in mice - A L Piato, B C Detanico, V M Linck, A P Herrmann, D S Nunes, E Elisabetsky - Phytomedicine. 2010 Mar - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19682881/

The Amazonian herbal Marapuama attenuates cognitive impairment and neuroglial degeneration in a mouse Alzheimer model - M Figueiró, J Ilha, V M Linck, A P Herrmann, P Nardin, C B Menezes, M Achaval, C A Gonçalves, L O Porciúncula, D S Nunes, E Elisabetsky - Phytomedicine. 2011 Feb 15 - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20739160/

Acetylcholinesterase inhibition in cognition-relevant brain areas of mice treated with a nootropic Amazonian herbal (Marapuama) - M Figueiró, J Ilha, D Pochmann, L O Porciúncula, L L Xavier, M Achaval, D S Nunes, E Elisabetsky - Phytomedicine. 2010 Oct - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20833520/

Ptychopetalum olacoides, a traditional Amazonian "nerve tonic", possesses anticholinesterase activity - Ionara Rodrigues Siqueira, Cíntia Fochesatto, Adriana Lourenço da Silva, Domingos Sávio Nunes, Ana Maria Battastini, Carlos Alexandre Netto, Elaine Elisabetsky - Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2003 Jun - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12895682/

Systematic Review of l-Arginine for the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder and Related Conditions in Women - Nicole E. Cieri-Hutcherson, Andrea Jaenecke, Ajeet Bahia, Debra Lucas, Ann Oluloro, Lora Stimmel, and Timothy C. Hutcherson - Pharmacy (Basel). 2021 Jun - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8103282/

The Potential Role of Arginine Supplements on Erectile Dysfunction: A Systemic Review and Meta-Analysis - Hye Chang Rhim, Min Seo Kim, Young-Jin Park, Woo Suk Choi, Hyoung Keun Park, Hyeong Gon Kim, Aram Kim, Sung Hyun Paick - J Sex Med. 2019 Feb - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30770070/

Long-term high-dose l-arginine supplementation in patients with vasculogenic erectile dysfunction: a multicentre, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial - D. Menafra, C. de Angelis, F. Garifalos, M. Mazzella, G. Galdiero, M. Piscopo, M. Castoro, N. Verde, C. Pivonello, C. Simeoli, R. S. Auriemma, A. Colao, and R. Pivonello - J Endocrinol Invest. 2022 - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8995264/

Erectile Dysfunction: Treatments, Advances and New Therapeutic Strategies - Antonio Argiolas, Francesco Mario Argiolas, Giacomo Argiolas, and Maria Rosaria Melis - Brain Sci. 2023 May - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10216368/

Ginseng and male reproductive function - Kar Wah Leung and Alice ST Wong - Spermatogenesis. 2013 Jul 1 - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3861174/

Effect of Panax ginseng on testosterone level and prostate in male rats - M S Fahim, Z Fahim, J M Harman, T E Clevenger, W Mullins, E S Hafez - Arch Androl. 1982 Jun - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7202345/

Red ginseng for treating erectile dysfunction: a systematic review - Dai-Ja Jang, Myeong Soo Lee, Byung-Cheul Shin, Young-Cheoul Lee, and Edzard Ernst - Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2008 Oct - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2561113/

Protective effects of ginsenosides against Bisphenol A-induced cytotoxicity in 15P-1 Sertoli cells via extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signalling and antioxidant mechanisms - Limin Wang, Jie Hao, Jiangang Hu, Jun Pu, Zilan Lü, Lina Zhao, Qi Wang, Qiubo Yu, Yingxiong Wang, Gang Li - Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol. 2012 Jul - https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22269103/

Alternative medicine and herbal remedies in the treatment of erectile dysfunction: A systematic review - Kristian Leisegang and Renata Finelli - Arab J Urol. 2021 - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8451697/